How to Stop People from Flying Drones into Airplanes
A near miss with a personal drone forced a Shuttle America flight to pull up while on final approach to land at LaGuardia Airport in New York City earlier this year.
near miss: (爆撃・射撃の)至近弾、もう一歩のところ、「いま一歩」、異常接近、ニアミス
pull up: (…を)引き抜く、引き寄せる、引き上げる、止める、制止する、考え直させる、しかる、批判する、成績を上げる、まっすぐ立ち上がる
It wasn't the first such incident.
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration currently receives about 60 reports from pilots every month that represent potential drone sightings.
No one knows exactly the type or extent of damage that a collision with a small drone could cause to a jet airliner's engine or airframe, but the agency plans to research that possibility in the next fiscal year.
Meanwhile technologies and policies that could deter such collisions remain up in the air.
deter: (おじけづかせて)やめさせる、思いとどまらせる、妨げる、阻止する
remain up: Null
The current prevention tactic is to stop repeat offenders.
tactic: 戦術（せんじゅつ、英: Tactics）は、作戦・戦闘において任務達成のために部隊・物資を効果的に配置・移動して戦闘力を運用する術である。
The FAA works with local law enforcement to contact drone operators who carry out an unauthorized unmanned aerial system operation to educate them about flight safety regulations.
unmanned: 乗組員のいない、無人の
The agency can also tack on civil penalties for careless or reckless operation of drones.
tack on: 〈…を〉付加する，添える
But the FAA needs to do more to avert collisions than educate citizens, says Ben Berman, a Boeing 737 pilot for a major U.S. airline.
avert: そむける、そらす、避ける、防ぐ
Most near-collision courses are going to be misses, he explains.
But if we roll the dice on near collisions with drones enough times a year, eventually you'll come up snake eyes.
roll the dice: (何かを決めたりするために)さいころをころがす、さいころを振る[転がす]
snake eyes: 『スネーク・アイズ』（原題: Snake Eyes）は、1997年にアメリカで製作されたサスペンス映画。、スネークアイズ（Snake Eyes）は、ハスブロの玩具シリーズ『G.I.ジョー』および、アニメ『地上最強のエキスパートチーム G.I.ジョー』、映画『G.I.ジョー』『G.I.ジョー バック2リベンジ』に登場する架空の人物。
Small drones-classified by the FAA as weighing less than 55 pounds-cannot carry the relatively heavy traffic collision and avoidance system used by larger aircraft to track the locations of nearby planes.
As an alternative, Berman, a former chief investigator for the National Transportation Safety Board, thinks drone manufacturers should program their craft to avoid flying above certain altitudes or into restricted airspace.
As an alternative: 代わりとして
craft: 技能、技巧、技術、わざ、手工業、(特に手先の技術を要する)職業、仕事、工芸、手芸、同業者連
The FAA has also mentioned such geo-fencing software updates as a potential short-term fix but does not require them for small drone makers.
geo-fencing: Null
One best-selling-drone manufacturer has already taken such steps.
DJI, a company based in Shenzhen, China, makes the world's most popular small drones, with its Phantom models costing about $1,000 apiece.
Since 2014, DJI has pushed out drone firmware updates to clearly show operators the restricted airspaces around airports, Washington, D.C., or national borders.
push out: 押し出す、(…を)押してはずす、追い出す、解雇する、どんどん作り出す
Operators who ignore the software warnings about restricted airspace and try flying forward will find their drones simply refusing to move.
It's like flying into an invisible wall, DJI's Michael Perry says.
Several other tactics could be hovering just over the horizon.
In February the FAA proposed rules for small drones that include speed and altitude restrictions and access limits to airspace where manned planes typically fly.
altitude: (山・飛行機などの地表または海抜からの)高さ、高度、標高、高所、高地、(天体の)高度
Such rules could be finalized as early as 2016. On the technology side, NASA has been working with industry partners to develop an unmanned air traffic system that could track small drones at low altitudes.
The space agency also has tested a detect-and-avoid system for larger unmanned aircraft such as its Ikhana drone, a civilian version of the military's Predator drone.
Such technology could eventually scale down for smaller drones.
scale down: スケールダウン; 縮小
These solutions have become more incumbent as growing numbers of drones find their way into the hands of ordinary consumers.
incumbent: 現職の、在職の、義務としてかかって
This year China exported 160,000 civilian drones worth $120 million from January to May, according to the Xinhua News Agency.
We're in the process of going from these very niche hobby products to mass consumer products, Perry says.
process of going: Null
Many consumers just entering this space don't know the rules and regulations in the way that model aircraft hobbyists used to.
COMMENT AT ScientificAmerican.
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Why Do Cops Kill
The ongoing rash of police using deadly force against minority citizens has triggered a search for a universal cause-most commonly identified as racism.
Such soul searching is understandable, especially in light of the racist e-mails uncovered in the Ferguson, Mo.
soul searching: 鋭い自己反省、自己省察、反省
in light of: …に照らして、…を考慮して、…の観点から
, police department by the U.S. Department of Justice's investigation into the death of 18-year-old Michael Brown.
To whatever extent prejudice still percolates in the minds of a few cops in a handful of pockets of American society ( nothing like 50 years ago ) , it does not explain the many interactions between white police and minority citizens that unfold without incident every year or the thousands of cases of assaults on police that do not end in police deaths ( 49,851 in 2013, according to the FBI ) . What in the brains of cops or citizens leads either group to erupt in violence ?
To whatever extent: Null
to extent: Null
percolate: (…に)しみ通る、にじみ出る、(…に)しみ渡る、徐々に広がる、浸透する、(パーコレーターで)いれられる
in a handful of: Null
erupt in violence: 〔感情｛かんじょう｝が爆発｛ばくはつ｝して〕暴力｛ぼうりょく｝を振るうに至る【文例】
An answer may be found deep inside the brain, where a neural network stitches together three structures into what neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp calls the rage circuit: ( 1 ) the periaqueductal gray ( it coordinates incoming stimuli and outgoing motor responses ) ;
stitches: stitchの三人称単数現在。stitchの複数形。(縫い物・刺繍などの)ひと針、 ひと縫い、 ひと編み、 ひとかがり
stitch together: 縫い合わせる、〈紙を〉・綴じ合わせる
periaqueductal: 中脳水道周囲の
( 2 ) the hypothalamus ( it regulates the release of adrenaline and testosterone as related to motivation and emotion ) ;
hypothalamus: 視床下部
and ( 3 ) the amygdala ( associated with automatic emotional responses, especially fear, it lights up in response to an angry face; patients with damage to this area have difficultly assessing emotions in others ) . When Panksepp electrically stimulated the rage circuit of a cat, it leaped toward his head with claws and fangs bared.
Panksepp: Null
fangs bared: Null
fang bared: Null
Humans similarly stimulated reported feeling uncontrollable anger.
The rage circuit is surrounded and modulated by the cerebral cortex, particularly the orbitofrontal cortex, wherein decisions are made about how you should respond to a particular stimulus-whether to act impulsively or show restraint.
rage circuit: Null
In her 1998 book Guilty by Reason of Insanity, psychiatrist Dorothy Otnow Lewis notes that when a cat's cortex is surgically detached from the lower areas of its brain, it responds to mildly annoying stimuli with ferocity and violence, not unlike a convicted killer improbably named Lucky, who had lesions between his cortical regions and the rest of his brain.
psychiatrist: 精神病医
detach: (…を)引き離す、取りはずす、切り離す、離れる、分遣する
detach from: 離れる、引き離す、取りはずす、切り離す
ferocity: 獰猛(どうもう)さ、残忍性、狂暴な行為、蛮行
convict: 有罪と宣告する、有罪と決する
Lewis suspects that Lucky's lesions were responsible for his savage stabbing of a store clerk.
lesion: 傷害、精神的傷害、(組織・機能の)障害、病害
In healthy brains and under normal circumstances, cortical self-control usually trumps emotional impulses.
trumps: trumpの三人称単数現在。trumpの複数形。(トランプの)切り札
In certain conditions that call for strong emotions, such as when you feel threatened with bodily injury or death, it is prudent for the rage circuit to override the cortex, as in a case of a woman named Susan described by evolutionary psychologist David M. Buss in his 2005 book The Murderer Next Door.
prudent: 用心深い、慎重な、分別のある、賢明な、慎重で、倹約な、経済的な
As her cocaine-fueled abusive husband advanced on her with a hunting knife screaming, Die, bitch !
cocaine-fueled: Null
Susan kneed him in the groin and grabbed the knife.
groin: 鼠径(そけい)部、男性性器、穹稜(きゆうりよう)、防砂堤、海岸突堤
What happened next is what sociologist Randall Collins calls a forward panic-an explosion of violence akin to the wartime massacres at Nanking and My Lai and the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers.
I stabbed him in the head and I stabbed him in the neck and I stabbed him in the chest and I stabbed him in the stomach, Susan testified at her murder trial, explaining the 193 stab wounds resulting from her uncontrollable urge to avenge her abuse.
Such emotions evolved as an adaptation to threats, especially when there is not time to compute the odds of an outcome.
Fear causes us to pull back and retreat from risks.
pull back: 考えを変えてやめる、前言を取り消す、約束を破る、後ろへ下がる、後退する、経費を節約する
retreat: 退却、後退、退却の合図、静養先、隠れ家、避難所、潜伏場所、(老人・精神障害者などの)収容所、黙想(期間)
Anger leads us to strike out and defend ourselves against predators or bullies.
strike out: (…を)削除する、三振させる
A charitable explanation for why cops kill is that certain actions by suspects ( running away, or resisting arrest, or reaching into the squad car to grab a gun ) may trigger the rage circuit to fire with such intensity as to override all cortical self-control.
charitable: 慈善心に富んだ、慈悲深い、情け深い、慈悲深くて、仁愛精神に富んだ、(人を判断するにの)寛大な、寛大で、慈善の(ための)
fire with: 〈人を〉〔感情で〕燃え立たせる，かき立てる
This may be especially the case if the officer is modified by training and experience to look for danger or biased by racial profiling leading to negative expectations of certain citizens' behavior.
Future police training should include putting cops in threatening situations and giving them techniques for diffusing the outcome.
In their 2011 book Willpower, Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney describe methods for suppressing such impulses.
In turn, citizens should remember that cops are working to protect us from threats to our security.
In turn: 次々に、順番に、今度は(…が)、同様に
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Leg and Head Injuries Are Frequent at the Olympics
We rarely see it happen on television, but one in 10 Olympians will get hurt during the games, if the past is any guide ( left ) . About three quarters of the injuries occur during some phase of competition and one quarter during warm-ups or on-site training, according to Lars Engebretsen of the University of Oslo in Norway, who compiled the data.
Summer athletes tend to ruin their legs; winter athletes bang their heads ( below ) . The causes vary greatly: collisions ( soccer ) , stick strikes ( field hockey ) , high-speed wipeouts ( bobsledding ) . The damage leader-snowboard cross-involves frequent contact between boarders in a free-for-all downhill race.
bang: (…を)ドンドンたたく、(…に)ズドンと続けて発砲する、バタンと鳴ってなる、ズドンと鳴る、大きな音をたてる、(…に)ドシンとぶつかる、性交する
Sailing is nearly harm-free.
Engebretsen says injury rates in most professional sports, such as football and soccer, are higher, although data are inconsistent.
inconsistent: 矛盾する、矛盾の多い、(…と)一致しないで、調和しないで、無定見な、無節操の、気まぐれな
Graphic by Jen Christiansen, Illustrations by MCKIBILLO; Source: Lars Engebretsen, University of OsloSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ONLINEFind a review of leading injuries in specific sports at ScientificAmerican.
com/aug2012/graphic-science
search cnt: 2
Solid-State Light Source Lightbulb
Solid-state light source lightbulb: Light-emitting-diode ( LED ) bulbs produce more light with less energy than incandescents, could potentially claim a lamp life much longer than 10 years, and, unlike compact fluorescents, are free of mercury.
Solid-state: 固体物理の、ソリッドステートの
claim: (当然のこととして)要求する、要求する、請求する、返還を要求する、(要求によって)獲得する、(矛盾や異議があっても自信をもって)(…を)主張する、主張する、言い張る、引く、値する
But they have other drawbacks.
drawback: 欠点、不利益、障害、故障、控除、(輸入品再輸出の時の)払い戻し税
To obtain that lengthy life, LED devices need to stay relatively cool.
And to successfully replace current bulbs, LEDs would need to broadcast their rays widely, yet many currently on the market give off light unidirectionally, like a flashlight.
give off: 発する、放出する、出す
unidirectionally: 一方向性に
Nadarajah Narendran, a professor and director of research at the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and his co-inventors came up with an LED bulb that addresses both problems in Patent no.
8,292,468. Heat is one of the problems with LEDs, Narendran says.
If you don't create it in the right way, you may not have the long life.
Other LEDs have large metal heat sinks that dissipate heat at the base or back of the bulb.
sink: 沈む、沈没する、(…に)没する、見えなくなる、(…に)沈下する、陥没する、落ち込む、くぼむ、こける、傾斜する
heat sink: 吸熱源; 熱シンク; ヒートシンク; 吸熱器
That placement can create a shadow and the flashlight effect, he says.
placement: 置くこと、配置(すること)、職業紹介、就職斡旋(あつせん)、(進学校の)選定、クラス分け、プレースメント
His device inverts the typical design by putting the LED source and the metal heat sink at the front of the bulb, where there is more exposure to surrounding air and cooling is more efficient.
invert: (…を)逆にする、反対にする、転倒させる、(…を)転回させる、(…を)転化する
surrounding air: 周囲空気
The bulb also has interior features that reflect and refract to produce light distribution that mimics an incandescent lamp.
refract: 屈折させる
incandescent: 白熱の、白熱光を発する、光り輝く、きらめく
The result: a long-lived bulb with familiar aesthetics.
The lighting industry is in the process of a transformation, Narendran says.
transformation: 変形、変容、変質、変態、形質転換、変換、変圧、変流
In many cases, the look will not change-it will look like a lightbulb-but what's inside will change.
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A Sooty North Pole Ahead
Where there's oil, there's a way.
This summer the federal government showed that it is willing to approve drilling operations in U.S. waters off Alaska.
drilling: 教練、訓練
In addition to legislation, other barriers to Arctic development are disappearing: summers at the North Pole could be ice-free as soon as 2020, reducing the need for ice-breaking vessels and opening the way for faster and cheaper trading routes.
ice-freeice-free: Null
An increase in shipping across the top of the world, however, could have significant regional impacts by accelerating ice melt, according to a recent government report by the Canadian Northwest Territories.
And that aggravated melting could raise global sea levels.
Cargo ships on trans-Arctic voyages and other unprotected international waters typically take advantage of lax regulations and rely on some of the dirtiest fuel.
lax: 厳しくない、手ぬるい、だらしのない、(…に)だらしなくて、ゆるい、目のつんでない、力の弱い、正確でない、あいまいな、ゆるんでいる
Burning so-called heavy fuel oil is cheap but inefficient, and during the process some of the unburned fuel emerges as soot.
soot: すす、煤煙(ばいえん)
Soot may be second only to carbon dioxide as a climate-changing agent: it bolsters the greenhouse effect by trapping more heat in air.
Researchers speculate that the Arctic's environment could amplify soot's negative effects.
The substance darkens snow and sea ice, which may then absorb more solar radiation.
As sea ice melts, larger swaths of water are left exposed and thereby soak up even more sunlight.
swath: (大がまで刈った)ひと刈り分の牧草、ひと刈りの幅、(牧草・麦などの)1 列の刈り跡
soak up: 吸う、喫う、吸い込む、吸込む、吸いこむ、吸収する、吸い込む、浴びる、吸い取る、受けながらも大したダメージを受けない
The cycle could continue because the open sea would likely encourage additional soot-emitting shipping.
At best, attempts to quantify shipping's soot emissions are nascent but so are regional-scale studies of soot's environmental impact.
quantify: (…の)量を定める
I think the biggest bottleneck is just that the Arctic is awfully big, and there are not a lot of people there and not a lot of measurements, says geochemist Jack E. Dibb of the University of New Hampshire.
geochemist: 地球化学者
Dibb and others are working to collect information about the thermal effect of soot on ice cover.
Along those lines, researchers in Finland sprinkled several concentrations of black carbon, a component of soot, on snow there from 2011 to 2013 and measured snowmelt over the course of each season.
sprinkle: (…に)振りかける、(まき)散らす、水をまく、(…を)軽くぬらす、(アイロンをかける前に)(…に)霧吹きする、(…に)(…を)散在させる
At press time, their results were under review at the journal The Cryosphere.
Political leaders are aware of the emerging problem of soot emissions from ships as well as from drilling operations, factories and wildfires.
Shortly after approving the Alaskan drilling, President Barack Obama made a visit to the Arctic Circle to draw attention to climate change and melting ice there.
His visit coincided with an international summit on Arctic issues whose attendees issued a statement noting the threat that soot poses to the Arctic and the importance of emissions reductions.
coincide with: 符合する、かち合う、一致する、暗合する、合う
Dibb and others say they hope that their work persuades politicians to take fast action against soot.
If they do, as other climate researchers argued this summer in Nature Climate Change, policy makers stand a more credible chance of taking on larger problems, such as the more massive burden of carbon dioxide that is polluting many of the planet's habitats and ecosystems.
persuade: (…を)説得する、説きつけてさせる、説得してさせる、説得して(…を)やめさせる、(…を)確信させる、(…を)確信する、確信させる、確信する
FURTHER READINGS AND CITATIONS ScientificAmerican.
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Perils of Newborn Screening
The first symptoms often appear a month or two after birth.
The babies' muscles stiffen.
stiffen: (…を)(…で)かたくする、こわばらせる、硬直させる、体をこわばらせる、固練りにする、どろどろにする、硬化させる、堅苦しくする
They lose their hearing and vision, stop sleeping and scream in pain.
Some develop seizures.
By the time many parents learn that their children have Krabbe disease-a rare genetic disorder that degrades nerve cells-it is too late for the only viable treatment, a transfusion of umbilical cord blood stem cells from healthy donors.
transfusion: 注入、輸血
umbilical: へその、へそ状の、へその近くの、(へその緒でつながれたように)密接な関係の(ある)
Children with full-blown Krabbe who do not receive medical treatment, as well as many who do get treated, usually die by age two.
In some cases, doctors can prevent this grim outcome by screening infants at birth for genetic harbingers of disease.
harbinger: 先駆者、先ぶれ、前兆
Right now such tests are mandatory in only a few states-something that many parents want to change.
If we don't screen for this disease at birth, those children will never have a chance at life, says Jacque Waggoner, CEO of Hunter's Hope Foundation, one of several advocacy groups lobbying state politicians to add mandatory tests for Krabbe and other rare diseases.
The politicians are starting to listen.
In the past year four states have passed legislation that requires hospitals to check newborns for abnormal enzyme levels linked to as many as seven new diseases.
Within the medical community, however, doctors are debating the rapid expansion of screening programs.
As a whole, the programs have saved many lives.
But some experts worry that states may be aggressively demanding tests for diseases that do not always develop in those who show signs of risk or cannot be safely or effectively treated even when they are caught.
Doctors who have recently started screening for Krabbe and similar rare diseases are swiftly realizing that, in many cases, the results of such mandatory tests unnecessarily frighten parents and fail to help the children the tests were designed to save.
frighten: (突然恐怖心を起こさせて)怖がらせる、ぎょっとさせる、脅してさせる、脅して出す、脅して(…を)やめさせる、脅して追い立てる
designed to: 《be ～》～するように作られて［設計されて・考案されて・工夫されて・意図されて］いる、～するために策定｛さくてい｝される、～することを目的｛もくてき｝とするものである
The Birth of Newborn ScreeningThe current debate has origins in the earliest forms of newborn screening.
By the early 1960s microbiologist Robert Guthrie had perfected a test for phenylketonuria ( PKU ) that simply required a drop of blood from a baby's heel.
Children with PKU suffer brain damage and seizures because they cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in high-protein foods.
seizure: 捕らえること、つかむこと、差し押さえ、押収、没収、強奪、(病気の)発作、(特に)脳卒中
Although most states adopted the procedure, a few doctors worried that some babies who did not have PKU would test positive and suffer malnourishment as a consequence of a low-protein diet.
Ultimately the doctors' fears proved unfounded.
( In a 2006 review of the medical literature on PKU, Jeffrey Brosco and his colleagues at the University of Miami found no published cases of children who suffered permanent harm after an erroneous newborn screening test and treatment for a condition they did not have.
) States soon began using similar tests to screen for the likelihood of developing other easily treatable diseases, including congenital hypothyroidism and sickle cell disease.
congenital: 生まれつきの、先天的な
sickle: (片手で持って使う三日月形の)かま、小がま
Today all states require newborn screening for between 28 and 57 medical disorders.
Overall, these mandatory programs mark one of the most significant advances ever in public health, says Stuart Shapira, a medical geneticist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Of the four million babies born in the U.S. every year, newborn screening identifies 12,500 with medical disorders.
Catching and treating many of these disorders early, Shapira says, can prevent intellectual and developmental disabilities, organ damage and death.
Recently, however, doctors have raised new concerns, this time about the repercussions of widespread newborn screening.
repercussion: (音の)反響、(ある事件・行動などのかなり後まで残る)影響
By the 1990s a tool known as tandem mass spectrometry had drastically expanded the number of disorders laboratory technicians could detect with a single drop of blood-from one to as many as 20. A mass spectrometer sorts and counts variously sized molecules in the blood, somewhat like a change machine sorts coins.
spectrometer: 分光計
sort: 種類、(…の)人、もの、ソート
Unusually high levels of certain molecules indicate the enzymes that normally break down these molecules are missing or deficient, which in turn suggests a genetic disorder.
break down: (…を)破壊する、たたき壊す、圧倒する、(…を)(…に)分類する、(…に)化学変化を起こす
Before 1995 no U.S. state had screened babies for more than eight disorders.
A decade later some states were screening for anywhere from seven to 52. States lacked clear consensus on which disorders warranted mandatory screening, says Michael Watson, executive director of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.
To remedy the situation, the Health Resources and Services Administration commissioned Watson to review the scientific literature on 84 disorders and to determine which of the screens clearly benefited newborns.
In a report made in 2005 Watson recommended that all states screen for 29 disorders that doctors could clearly predict and treat.
He further advised against screening for Krabbe and other diseases because there was not enough evidence that early intervention did more good than harm.
intervention: 間に入ること、介在、調停、仲裁、干渉
Most states currently screen for all 29 recommended disorders, but some, like New York, also test for Krabbe or other conditions outside the uniform panel-including Pompe ( a muscle-weakening disease ) and Fabry ( a metabolic disease causing severe pain ) . The outcomes of New York's decision to screen for Krabbe underscore why some doctors believe that enthusiasm for screening has gone too far.
uniform: 同形の、同型の、そろいの、一様な、均一の、(…と)同形で、一定(不変)の
Premature EnthusiasmSince its inception in 2006 New York's program has tested one million babies and identified more than 200 infants with unusually low levels of some enzymes, indicating risk for Krabbe.
Lab technicians verify these results with both enzyme and genetic tests.
What investigators have found has been surprising.
Of the 228 infants who tested positive for Krabbe, 24 were found to have genetic markers associated with the disease.
So far, however, only four of those children have developed Krabbe symptoms, whereas the other 20 continue to appear healthy.
In the vast majority of cases, symptoms of Krabbe appear in early infancy and quickly worsen.
A few reports in patient registries describe infants who developed symptoms-albeit mild ones-later in life.
symptoms-albeit: Null
The 20 New York infants who screened positive for genetic markers of Krabbe but have not yet shown symptoms may have this late-onset form of Krabbe.
late-onset: 遅発性の、晩期発症型の、晩期発症の、晩発性の
But researchers do not understand late-onset Krabbe well enough to know when, if ever, any of these children will develop symptoms.
Only when clinicians detect nerve damage in a battery of invasive neurological exams, including brain imaging and a spinal tap, can they be sure that a child has Krabbe.
battery: ひとそろい、組、一組、一連、圧倒するような一群、(2 個以上の cell でできた)電池、バッテリー、打つこと、強打、殴打
And only then are they certain that treatment justifies its inherent risks.
Studies have shown that early stem cell transplants sometimes stop the disease from progressing, although around 30 percent of children do not survive the procedure and all who do still have trouble speaking and moving their limbs.
Many of the 20 children whose tests suggest late-onset Krabbe but who are not yet sick continue to get neurological exams about every four to six months.
Some researchers call these children patients in waiting.
As Jennifer Kwon, a neurologist at University of Rochester Medical Center, puts it, There's this whole group of children nobody expected to find.
The problem, Kwon says, is that parents of patients in waiting do not know what to do with the information they receive from doctors or even what to expect.
Parents begin to worry excessively, become overprotective, pursue risky tests and procedures, and avoid routine ones.
It's a huge burden for parents to carry around this knowledge that many of them didn't ask for, agrees Melissa Wasserstein, a pediatrician at Mount Sinai Hospital.
carry around: 連れ歩く、持って回る、もって回る
Every time their child so much as trips and falls, they're thinking, 'Oh, my God, does this mean the start ?
so much as: …さえも、…すらも
'Patricia K. Duffner, who directs the research arm of Hunter's Hope at the University of Buffalo, counters that many parents prefer to know about their child's risk because, if symptoms appear, they will not lose time searching for a diagnosis.
Other experts argue that forcing parents to participate in a public health program when the benefits of screening may not outweigh the emotional trauma is unfair.
So far what's come out of the Krabbe program is we've done a lot of screening, we've scared a lot of parents and we haven't truly helped a kid, says Lainie Friedman Ross, an ethicist and pediatrician at the University of Chicago.
come out of: から出てくる、…から抜ける、…から生じる、落ちる、はげる
According to the doctors who cared for the four New York infants with early-onset Krabbe, one family refused a transplant and the baby died; a second baby died from complications of a transplant; and a third child's affliction continues to progress despite a successful transplant.
Only one baby has clearly benefited from screening.
At three years, though, he is the size of a one-year-old and recently lost his ability to walk.
Ross fears that newborn screening is destined for another rapid, premature expansion as genome-sequencing technologies become inexpensive enough to use routinely.
With these new test platforms, there is the potential to test for hundreds of conditions we don't fully understand, she says.
destined for: 定められて、運命づけられて、向かって
If adults can refuse these tests, why should we force them on children ?
Jeff Botkin, a medical ethicist at the University of Utah School of Medicine, has similar concerns.
I think people sometimes forget that we're talking about the state mandating these tests.
That's a big deal.
If we're going to say to parents, 'You don't have a choice,' there ought to be clear justification for doing a test.
We shouldn't just add these things because we can.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ONLINEComment on this article at ScientificAmerican.
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U.S. Navy Limits Sonar Use, First Withdrawal from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and more!
U.K.A clinical trial investigating a treatment for blindness is under way this winter to evaluate the safety and efficacy of replacing diseased eye cells with stem cells.
efficacy: 効能(のあること)、効き目
U.S.Following a federal court hearing, the U.S. Navy has agreed to limit its use of sonar in specified areas around the Hawaiian Islands and southern California.
Sonar activity has been shown to harm marine animals.
NETHERLANDSDelta Flume, a facility that produces the world's largest man-made waves to study and improve coastal protection systems, opened in Delft.
Waves reach as high as 4.5 meters.
NORWAYAfter a local seed bank in Syria was damaged in the country's civil war, researchers have made the first-ever withdrawal from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
first-ever: 空前の；初の
The master vault holds more than 860,000 seed samples collected from around the world in an effort to ensure against their loss in the wild.
vault: アーチ形天井、アーチ形天井のようなおおい、(食料品・酒類などの)地下貯蔵室、(地下)金庫室、(銀行などの)貴重品保管室、(教会・墓所の)地下納骨所
The replacement seeds will be stored in Lebanon and Morocco.
SOLOMON ISLANDSBiologists captured underwater footage of a glow-in-the-dark sea turtle, the first reptile known to exhibit biofluorescence.
footage: フィート単位の尺度、(映画フィルム・材木などの)フィート数、長さ
AUSTRALIAThe government approved a new curriculum for elementary school students, who will now learn computer coding and programming.
