The March on Malignancy
For millennia, humans have met their demise through violence, accidents and a fearsome array of infectious diseases.
millennia: 黄金時代、千年間、千年祭、至福千年、千年王国
demise: 崩御、逝去(せいきょ)、死去、(企業などの)消滅、活動停止
In 1900, the leading causes of death in the United States were pneumonia, influenza and tuberculosis.
pneumonia: 肺炎
tuberculosis: 結核、肺結核
A century later, they are heart disease and cancer.
Antibiotics and other modern medicines have reduced the lethality of the microbial illnesses that killed our ancestors.
Still, we all die of something.
So we now find lying in wait for us scores of disorders characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells.
characterize: 特徴を述べる、性格を描写する、(…と)みなす、(…に)特徴を与える、(…の)特色となる、(…を)特徴づける
More than forty years since 'war' was declared on cancer, malignancy still casts a shadow over humanity: in 2012, 15% of deaths worldwide were attributable to cancer.
declared: 宣言した、公然の、申告した
malignancy: 強い悪意、敵意、(病気の)悪性、悪性腫瘍(しゆよう)
cast a shadow: 影がさす、影が差す、影が射す、影を落とす、影を落とす
The toll will almost certainly rise in the decades ahead, especially as developing countries adopt Western diets and lifestyles.
This Outlook presents an overview of the current battles against cancer.
We examine advances in personalized treatments, nanodevices that will precisely deliver drugs to tumours and the radical changes that may be needed in clinical research as a result.
nanodevice: ナノ素子
precisely: 正確に、精密に、的確に、まさにそのとおり、きちょうめんに
We explain how the terabytes of data produced by cancer research could be too much of a good thing until we figure out better ways to manage the information.
Clues to potential therapies may lie in an animal that is close to cancer-free, but prevention seems daunting given how much of the environment is potentially carcinogenic.
cancer-free: 【形】《医》がんのない
prevention: 防止、予防
daunting: dauntの現在分詞。ひるませる、 鋭気をくじく
carcinogenic: 発癌(がん)性の
And even as scientists begin to solve the great puzzles concerning cancer, three fundamental mysteries are proving tough to crack.
even as: ちょうど…の時に
crack: 裂け目、割れ目、(陶器・ガラス器などの)ひび(割れ)、きず、(ささいな)欠点、欠陥、(ドア・窓・板などの)わずかな開き、すき、ちょっと、すこし
To deliver this broad view of cancer widely, this Outlook is being published in both Nature and Scientific American - a collaboration that we expect to be the first of many.
We are pleased to acknowledge the financial support of Celgene Corporation in producing this Outlook.
Nature has sole responsibility for all editorial content in this special report.
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on May 28, 2014.
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Star-Craving Mad
Star-Craving Mad: Tales from a Traveling Astronomerby Fred WatsonAllen & Unwin, 2013Armed with dry wit and a dash of whimsy, Australian astronomer Watson makes difficult scientific concepts such as dark energy, the Higgs boson, and the surprisingly hazy distinction between giant planets and small stars seem simple.
dry wit: ニコリともせずに言うウイット［機知｛きち｝］
hazy: かすんだ、もやのかかった、はっきりしない、漠然とした、はっきりしなくて、よくわからなくて
Whether telling tales of pseudoscientific alien encounters at conferences, journeying to ancient observatories in Peru or relating his views on what differentiates astronomy from all other scientific fields-since there is no marketable end-product, there is little scope for corruption, he writes-Watson entertains and enlightens.
pseudoscientific: 誤って、科学的であると考えられている理論と方法に基づく
He deftly twists and turns between astronomy history and cutting-edge research, ultimately transforming a book about space science and physics into a rarity: light reading packed with valuable information.
deftly: 巧みに、器用に
twist: よる、より合わせる、(より合わせて)(…を)作る、(…を)より合わせて(…に)する、(…を)編んで(…を)作る、(…を)巻きつける、からませる、(…を)ねじる、曲げる、ねじってはずす
cutting-edge: 最前線、先頭
pack with: 〈場所に〉〔人を〕詰め込む、〔ものを〕〈かばんなどに〉詰める
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ONLINEFor more recommendations, go to ScientificAmerican.
com/nov2013/recommendedCOMMENT AT ScientificAmerican.
com/nov2013
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Prescriptions for 3 Glasses of Low-Fat Milk a Day Should Be Scaled Back
The USDA, the American Academy of Pediatrics and other august institutions recommend that calorie-containing beverages should be limited in people's diets.
Pretty much all, that is, except for low-fat milk.
The U.S. dairy industry made the Got milk ?
slogan one of the most famous of all time-and standard dietary guidelines embrace that entreaty: three cups a day, less the saturated fat, do well by both child and adult.
saturated: しみ込んだ、ずぶぬれの、(…で)ずぶぬれで、(…が)いっぱいで、(…で)満ちて、しみ込んで、飽和した
Experts are starting to have second thoughts about that recommendation.
Less milk than what current daily requirements call for may in fact be more healthful, and forgoing milk altogether may be fine.
forgoing: forgoの現在分詞。なしですませる、 差し控える、 見合わせる
What's more, even low-fat milk may not be as healthy as commonly believed.
What's more: 上、お負けに、御負けに
The latest broadside against the most wholesome of foods appeared in July's JAMA Pediatrics, in a commentary from nutrition scientists David Ludwig and Walter Willett of Harvard Medical School.
broadside: 舷側、片舷斉射、(悪口の)一斉攻撃
wholesome: 健康によい、健康そうな、(道徳的に)健全な、ためになる
Pediatric: 小児科(学)の
Their rationale is simple: foods with less fat often make you feel less full.
rationale: 理論的解釈、理論的根拠
The child who drinks low-fat milk but then grabs an extra cookie because of lingering hunger pangs winds up consuming more refined carbohydrates and risks gaining extra pounds.
grab: ひっつかむ、ひっ捕らえる、逃さずに捕らえる、(不正に)さっと横取りする、横領する、(…を)大急ぎで取る、心を(しっかり)つかむ、強い印象を与える
pang: (肉体上の)激痛、さしこみ、(心の)苦しみ、傷心
As for the cholesterol-raising saturated fat in whole milk, Ludwig and Willett note that milk fat increases both artery-clogging cholesterol as well as the more beneficial kind, making the whole thing somewhat of a wash.
saturated fat: 飽和脂肪
artery-clogging: 動脈を塞ぐ
The authors' antimilk manifesto also has an evolutionary component.
Grazing animals evolved to supply milk to their young, keeping them close to protect against predation.
component: 構成している、成分の
Graze: (生えている)草を食う、軽く食べる、間食をする
But this necessary closeness stops when calves and kids turn into cows and goats.
closeness: 近いこと、接近、綿密(さ)、精密(さ)、閉鎖、密閉、息苦しいこと
calve: (子を)産む
Human adults who chug the preferred drink of suckling grazers thrice daily for decades may not fare so well.
chug: 飲み干す
suckling: 乳獣、乳児
thrice: 三たび、3 倍、幾度も、大いに
A hormone called insulinlike growth factor 1 that is found in milk products has been tied to prostate and other cancers.
prostate: 前立腺
If bone-strengthening calcium is what you seek, the researchers suggest, you can meet your daily requirements by eating leafy greens, nuts and seeds.
More work remains to be done, but until then, Ludwig and Willett say that milk drinking should not be mandated.
mandate: (選挙民が議会などへ与える)権限、命令、指令、任務、(上級裁判所から下級裁判所への)職務執行令状、委任統治(領)
And there's no need to seek out the skim carton on the market shelf.
seek out: 捜し出す、(援助を求めたり知らせを伝えようとしたりして)〈人を〉捜し出す; 〈欲しいものを〉捜し出す
Adapted from Talking Back at blogs.
ScientificAmerican.
com/talking-back
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The Spiders That Would Be Ants
Imposters abound in the animal kingdom.
Imposters: imposterの複数形。(他人を詐称する)詐欺師、 ぺてん師
abound: たくさんいる、富む
Peruse any textbook description of mimicry-in which one species evolves to resemble another-and you will encounter various classic examples, such as the king snake, which copies the coral snake, or the hoverfly, which masquerades as a bee.
mimicry: まね、ものまね、模造品、擬態
hoverfly: ハナアブ、アブバエ、ショクガバエ
masquerades: masqueradeの三人称単数現在。masqueradeの複数形。見せかけ、 虚構
Less familiar, but in many ways even more fascinating, are the mimics in a genus of jumping spider known as Myrmarachne, which look for all the world like ants.
Unlike other jumping spiders, with their furry, round bodies, Myrmarachne species have smooth, elongate bodies that give the appearance of having the three distinct parts-head, thorax and abdomen-of ants, despite having just two.
elongate: 延長する、引き延ばす
thorax: 胸部、胸郭、(古代ギリシャの)胸甲、胸当て
To complete the charade, the spiders walk on their three rear pairs of legs and raise the fourth pair overhead, waving them around to simulate ant antennae.
charade: ジェスチャー、(ジェスチャーゲームの)動作(で表わす言葉)、見えすいたまねごと、「ジェスチャー」
walk on: (舞台をちょっと歩くだけでせりふのない)端役、通行人役、端役者
They even adopt ants' characteristically fast, erratic, nonstop mode of locomotion in place of the stop-and-go movements other jumping spiders make.
adopt: 採用する、(自分のものとして)取り入れる、(会議で)採択する、(正式に)承認する、養子にする、(…に)養子として引き取る、公認する、指名する
It is an Oscar-worthy performance and the secret of this group's success: more than 200 species of Myrmarachne thrive in the tropical forests of Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas.
This rich diversity makes ant mimicry the most common form of mimicry.
Yet it is the least known.
New research is exposing the mind-boggling complexity of the ant mimics' charade, however.
mind-boggling: びっくりさせる、肝がつぶれるような
Like the king snake and hoverfly, Myrmarachne species gain a survival advantage by looking like other species-in this case, lethal ant species, because predators of spiders steer clear of both the ants and their look-alikes.
steer clear of: …を避ける、に関係しない
But, it turns out, the spiders pay for that advantage: to give a convincing performance, they must expose themselves to considerable risk.
convince: (…を)確信させる、納得させる、確信させる、説得してさせる
considerable: (量・数が)かなりの、相当な、少なからぬ、考慮に入れるべき、無視できない、重要な、著名な
The evolutionary forces that led to their fakery have left the ant-mimicking spiders living on the knife's edge, walking a fine line between avoiding one enemy and falling prey to another.
fakery: ごまかし、いんちき
In revealing the unexpected perils of mimicry, studies of these remarkable arachnids show the phenomenon of mimicry in a new light.
arachnid: クモ形綱の動物
Faking ItMy fascination with mimicry began one day in 1995 in the office of my then supervisor, Robert R. Jackson, while discussing potential research topics for my master's degree.
Jackson, a spider expert at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, had cemented his reputation as a leading arachnologist through his work on Portia, a genus of jumping spiders renowned for their mammalianlike levels of clever behavior.
cement: セメント、接合剤、結合、(友情などの)きずな、(歯の)セメント質
mammalianlike: Null
Accordingly, he suggested that I work on a species of Portia.
As an afterthought, he mentioned the antlike jumping spiders found in the tropics.
I was instantly intrigued.
Now, 20 years down the track, Jackson and I are colleagues who share a laboratory and have traveled throughout Africa, Australia and Asia to research these remarkable creatures.
Throughout our journeys we have discovered many unusual consequences of mimicry that underscore just how much more complicated the business of deception is than conventional wisdom would suggest.
underscore: (強調のために)(…に)下線を引く、(…を)強調する、力説する、背景音楽を与える
The standard view originated with English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who in 1861 provided the first scientific theory to explain mimicry in nature, based on his observations of Amazonian butterflies.
Bates supposed that an edible species that resembled an unpalatable or downright toxic one would gain a survival advantage by tricking potential predators into leaving it alone.
unpalatable: 口にあわない、まずい、受け入れ難い、いやな
downright: まっすぐな、率直な、露骨な、徹底的な、正真正銘の
In Bates's scenario, predators would learn from experience that eating the nasty species was a bad idea.
nasty: (胸が悪くなるほど)いやな、不快な、汚らしい、ひどくいやな、荒れ模様の、意地の悪い、たちの悪い、卑劣な、意地が悪くて、卑劣で
After that unpleasant encounter, the predators would avoid the toxic species and would then avoid the mimics, too-even though the mimics themselves were harmless.
harmless: 無害な、害を与えない、(…に)無害で、害を与えなくて
This parasitic charade, in which one species exploits another's defenses, is now known as Batesian mimicry.
parasitic: 寄生的な、寄生虫性の、寄食をする
charade: ジェスチャー、(ジェスチャーゲームの)動作(で表わす言葉)、見えすいたまねごと、「ジェスチャー」
But it turns out that mimicry does not work exclusively in the simple, straightforward manner Bates described-far from it.
straightforward: まっすぐな、正直な、率直な、複雑でない、簡単な、まっすぐに、正直に、率直に
For one thing, some mimics use their resemblance to another animal not to avoid getting eaten but to deceive their own prey and thus obtain a meal through dishonest signals-so-called aggressive mimicry.
For one thing: ひとつには、第 1 には
And animals exploit mimicry for various other reasons.
No group of organisms illustrates the complexities of the strategy, and the evolutionary forces that shaped them, better than ant-mimicking spiders do.
Upsides and DownsidesTo the uninitiated, ants might seem unworthy of imitation.
But in the tropical rain forest, where their total biomass exceeds that of all vertebrate animals combined, ants are strong shapers of the environment and have great power over its inhabitants.
As such, they are prime candidates for being imitated.
Myrmarachne spiders trade on the ants' fearsome reputations: ants avidly defend their nests by biting or stinging intruders, and an individual can recruit an entire colony to its cause-often with lethal consequences for the interloper.
trade on: 〈付け入る〉・付け込む、〔+前+(代)名〕〔…を〕(悪く)利用する，〔…に〕つけこむ
avidly: 熱心に、貪欲に
stinging: 針をもつ、刺す、刺すように痛ませる、ずきずきさせる、苦悩を与える、苦しめる、しんらつな
recruit: 新兵、補充兵、(…の)新会員、新党員、新入生、新入社員、新メンバー
interloper: (不法)侵入者、干渉する人、おせっかい
Predators are thus wise to avoid trying to eat any prey that look to be such ants.
Yet for the spiders to trick predators into avoiding them, they must take some real risks.
trick into: 〔+目+前+(代)名〕〈人を〉だまして〔…〕させる
For instance, they need to live near the ants to avoid standing out to predators as being not antlike.
stand out: 目立つ、際立つ、すぐれている、(他が屈しても)あくまでがんばる
Living in close quarters, which is unusual for spider species but common in ants, puts the spiders directly in harm's way; if they are found to be fraudsters, odds are they will become lunch.
fraudster: 人たらし、人誑し、暗者、闇者
Having to cohabit with their enemies is not the only price these ant-mimicking spiders pay.
The dissemblers are so convincing that predators that specialize in eating ants-including some other species of jumping spiders-attack them as prey.
cohabit with: (特に)〈結婚していない男女が〉同棲(どうせい)する; 〔…と〕同居する
dissembler: しらばくれる人、ねこかぶり
And competition between males for access to females has raised this predation risk.
predation: 捕食
The choosy females have driven Myrmarachne males to evolve enlarged mouthparts that can increase their body length by up to 50 percent.
choosy: (…に)えり好みして、やかましくて、気難しい
mouthparts: 口器、口器
Exactly why the females prefer a big mouth is not known, although it may be an indicator of health.
At first glance, one would be forgiven for thinking that this enlargement would hurt the spiders' chances of surviving by detracting from their antlike appearance.
detract: (…を)減じる
It does hurt them but not in that way.
The trait makes them look like ants that are carrying something in their mouth.
Because an ant's mouthparts are very dangerous, ant-eating jumping spiders tend to preferentially target ants that are carrying objects in their jaw and that are thus unable to bite their predators.
So although having a big mouth may help male Myrmarachne spiders score with the ladies, it also has the unwelcome effect of making them more attractive to predators.
score with: 得をする、うまくやる、成功する、口説き落とす
The cunning mimics can actively defend themselves against some of these threats, exhibiting a surprising degree of behavioral flexibility.
cunning: こうかつな、ずるい、悪賢い、かわいらしい
For example, when an ant-eating jumping spider initiates stalking, the mimic makes a display toward the potential predator, raising its front legs from their normal antennae posture to a position vertically above the head and staring fixedly at the other spider without moving.
staring: stareの現在分詞。(目を丸く見開いて)じっと見る、 凝視する、 じろじろ見る
fixedly: しっかりと、確固として、じっと
The display seems to communicate that it is a spider or at least that it is not an ant after all.
Whatever the message, it effectively deters the predator.
deter: (おじけづかせて)やめさせる、思いとどまらせる、妨げる、阻止する
Similarly, when a pesky scientist ( and presumably other potential predators ) comes along and tries to catch a Myrmarachne spider clinging to a plant, the mimic will abandon its antlike behavior, drop off the vegetation and hang out of sight on a thread of silk-the best of both worlds.
pesky: やっかいな、いやな、うるさい
come along: やってくる、(…と)一緒に来る、ついて行く、同行する、急げ、がんばれ、もっとしっかりやれ、まさか!、それはないよ!、(…が)(うまく)進む
clinging to: 付着、附着
One particularly Machiavellian species of ant mimic, Myrmarachne melanotarsa, gets the best of both worlds in yet another way and upends the notion that parasitic and aggressive forms are separate phenomena that arise from distinct selective pressures.
upends: upendの三人称単数現在。逆さに立てる
distinct: 他とまったく別な、別個の、性質が異なって、はっきりした、明瞭な、明確な、紛れもない
selective: 選択的な、精選する、選択眼のある、(…に)選択的で、(…を)注意深く選んで、分離感度のよい
The spider's resemblance to ants is so terrifying to other, ordinary jumping spiders that in addition to avoiding predation, M. melanotarsa uses its antlike appearance to capture prey.
It drives hapless jumping spider mothers out of their nests; then it penetrates the nest to raid the eggs or the brood of spiderlings.
hapless: 不運な、不幸な
mother out: Null
raid: (占領目的ではなく、相手に打撃を与えるための)不意の襲撃、奇襲、空襲、(警察の)手入れ、(略奪を目的とする)侵入、(競争会社などからの社員の)引き抜き、売り崩し
spiderling: 【名】《昆虫》クモの子
Ants have trouble raiding spider nests because their legs get caught in the spider silk, but spiders have adaptations that enable them to negotiate the sticky strands-and M. melanotarsa takes full advantage of them.
strand: 座礁させる、立ち往生させる、行き詰まらせる、する
Learned or Instinctive ? To fully tease out the forces that have caused mimicry to evolve and take the forms it does, researchers need to know the factors that cause predators to avoid imposters.
tease out: ...をほぐす；解く
Back in the 1800s, Bates thought that the predator must experience, in some way, the danger posed by a creature that another organism is mimicking before it grasps that it ought to steer clear of the real McCoy and anything that looks like it.
ought to: なければなりません；ねばならない、するべきだ
steer clear of: …を避ける、に関係しない
the real McCoy: 『ブロンディー/女銀行強盗』（原題：The Real McCoy）は、1993年制作のアメリカ合衆国のクライム・スリラー映画。
But here again the ant-mimicking spiders flout that conventional wisdom.
flout: ばかにする、無視する
The ordinary jumping spiders that abstain from eating both ants and Myrmarachne do so from instinct, not as a result of learning through bad experiences.
In other words, the forces that shape evolution have baked that avoidance into the predators' hard wiring.
bake: 焼く、(…に)焼く、焼き固める、(強い日ざしで)肌を焼く、からからにする
hard wiring: ハード配線
In hindsight, this avoidance instinct is not surprising: after all, if you die in an encounter with an ant, there is no room for learning.
hindsight: あと知恵、(銃の)後部照尺
In some ways, it is easier to envision how hardwired avoidance could have evolved: predators that happen to dislike approaching ants are more likely to survive and reproduce, and their genes get passed on; ultimately instinctive ant aversion dominates the population, and those that lack the trait are quickly weeded out by the ants themselves.
envision: 心に描く、直面する
reproduce: 再現する、再生する、(…を)複製する、複写する、繁殖する
aversion: 嫌い、(強い)嫌悪(けんお)(の情)、いやなもの
weed out: 淘汰する、除去する、篩い落とす、〈無用なもの・有害物などを〉〔…から〕除く、淘汰する
A Glorious MessThe complexity my colleagues and I have discovered in the mimicry system of Myrmarachne serves as a cautionary tale: the tangled principles at work here almost certainly apply to other cases of mimicry.
serve as: 為る、役に立つ、間に合う、成る、仕える、つとめる、…の代わりになる、〈…として〉〈人の〉役に立つ、〈…を勤める〉・為る、役を勤める
cautionary: 警戒的な、訓戒の
tangled: tangleの過去形、または過去分詞。(…を)もつれさせる
And we still have much to learn.
Scientists have tended to view mimicry in terms of its being an adaptation to selective pressure from a single predator using a single sense: vision.
selective pressure: 選択圧
single sense: Null
( Because humans are so dependent on vision, this sense tends to be the one researchers focus on.
) But we now know from Myrmarachne that multiple predators shape a mimic species: my own work has shown that ordinary jumping spiders and mantises are influential in this regard; birds, lizards and frogs probably are, too.
mantis: カマキリ
influential: 勢力のある、有力な、(…に)(大きな)影響を及ぼして
regard: (…を)みなす、考える、(ある感情をもって)(…を)見る、眺める、(…を)注視する、じっと見る、(…を)顧慮する、(…に)注意する
And studies of other creatures hint that mimicry can involve smell and sound, among other senses.
in this regard: その際、其の際、この[その]点について(は)
hint: ほのめかし、暗示、ヒント、かすかな兆候、わずか、有益な助言、心得
For example, a palatable species of tiger moth mimics the acoustic signals of a noxious one to avoid predation by echolocating bats.
palatable: 味のよい、口に合う、趣味にかなう、快い
And some butterfly species copy the chemical signals emitted by ants to enter their well-defended nests, where the butterflies deposit their eggs for safekeeping.
deposit: (銀行・金庫などに)預ける、預金する、預ける、置く、(…に)腰を下ろす、産みつける、(…に)堆積(たいせき)させる、沈澱させる、(…を)手付金として支払う
Excitingly, scientists now have the technology to probe the sensory experiences of other species.
sensory experience: 知覚経験｛ちかく けいけん｝、感覚的経験｛かんかく てき けいけん｝
High-frequency recording devices allow researchers to visualize noises above our own hearing threshold-including those emitted by tiger moths and bats; mass spectrometry lets them see the hydrocarbon profiles of ants and their mimics, providing a picture of their chemical interactions.
Applying these techniques to the study of mimicry and other natural phenomena will no doubt expose more of the spectacular solutions and trade-offs that have evolved in the eternal arms race between predators and prey.
spectacular: 見せ物(的)の、壮観な、目覚ましい、華々しい、劇的な
search cnt: 83
Relativity's Influence Is Still Going Strong on Its 100th Birthday
The outer limits of 21st-century physics involve arcane pursuits with strange and wonderful names like M-theory and de Sitter universes.
outer limit: ぎりぎりの限界、外側限界｛そとがわ げんかい｝
arcane: 秘密の、奥義の、不可解な、難解な
pursuit: 追跡、追撃、追求、続行、遂行、従事、する事、仕事、研究、趣味
Many of these endeavors rely heavily on Albert Einstein's explanation of how gravity emerges from the bending of space and time.
bending: bendの現在分詞。曲げる
With the assistance of the Office for Creative Research ( OCR ) , a New York City datavisualization firm, Scientific American decided to look for some measure of how often recent scientific papers in relevant areas of physics still lean on Einstein's 100-year-old achievement.
datavisualization: Null
OCR examined a year's worth of the physics literature for references to general relativity or its conceptual offshoots.
conceptual: 概念の
offshoot: 側枝、横枝、(氏族の)分かれ、分家、派生的な結果
Specifically, OCR processed 2,435 abstracts of 2014 physics papers from the arXiv.
org repository through a powerful text-analysis program incorporated into IBM's Watson AI system.
The software extracted keywords that turned up repeatedly in abstracts from a section of arXiv on general relativity and quantum cosmology.
quantum cosmology: 量子宇宙論; 量子宇宙
We then edited this list down to 61 keywords, each of which represents a research topic that has grown out of general relativity.
grow out: 〈grow out of...〉...から発生する；...から出来る；〈grow out〉育ちすぎる（＝outgrow）
The arXiv's relativity section was scanned to discover which of the 61 words were turning up most often in the research reports.
turn up: (…を)(上へ)折り返す、(…を)上に向ける、あおむけにする、返す、表を上にして置く、明るくする、音を大きくする、(…を)掘り起こす、発掘する、(…を)発見する
The data visualization here is the result.
Each incandescent colored dot stands for a paper that touches on at least one element of general relativity or its spin-offs see following three pages for details on how to interpret the visualization.
incandescent: 白熱の、白熱光を発する、光り輝く、きらめく
spin-offs: spin-offの複数形。物的分割
For an interactive version, go to www.
ScientificAmerican.
com/sep2015/relativity-infographic.
It is apparent at a glance that Einstein's ideas are still going strong.
Thousands of papers published every year make reference to his progeny.
progeny: 子孫、(人・動物の)子供たち
General relativity seems certain to continue to be a cornerstone of physics in decades to come.
certain to: 《be ～》きっと～する、～するに決まっている
cornerstone: 隅石(すみいし)、礎石、基礎、基本、肝要なもの、根本理念(など)
When we redo this data visualization 100 years from now, we are betting that it will yield the same pointillist explosion of color.
pointillist: 点描画家
\xa0Graphics by the Office for Creative Research \xa0DATA SOURCE: ARXIV.
ORG; Graphics by the Office for Creative Research
search cnt: 16
Homo Mysterious_ Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Nature
Homo Mysterious: Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Natureby David P. BarashOxford University Press: 2012 ( $27.95 ) Barash, a professor of psychology and biology at the University of Washington, has written a highly enjoyable account of things humans have yet to learn about themselves: known unknowns he calls them, quoting former secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld.
account of: 《古風》...を尊重する；評価する
The evolutionary reasons behind such human characteristics as homosexuality, concealed ovulation, female orgasm, play, and social bonding still perplex scientists, and Barash shares several of the leading theories behind each one.
ovulation: 排卵
perplex: 困らせる、当惑させる、(…で)困らせる、複雑にする、混乱させる
Concealed ovulation, for example, may allow women to exercise greater control over their choice of a sexual partner.
exercise: (体の)運動、練習、けいこ、実習、習作、試作、(軍隊・艦隊などの)演習、軍事演習、練習問題、課題
search cnt: 4
Produce-Loving Pests
Insects may be small, but they can wreak havoc on the environment or on a country's economy.
wreak: 加える、与える、浴びせる
wreak havoc on: 荒らす、惨害を与える
Mark Hoddle, director of the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California, Riverside, travels the world, studying and battling insects that devour key exports or ecologically significant plants.
devour: むさぼり食う、がつがつ食う、(…を)滅ぼす、(…を)のむ、むさぼり読む、(…を)食い入るように見つめる、(…に)熱心に聞き入る、夢中にさせる、悩ませる
Hoddle stores samples in his lab so he can study their DNA and donate them to research collections.
He also sometimes traps bugs ahead of time-before they cause problems in the U.S.-and holds on to them for future reference.
ahead of time: 定刻前に
It's hard to predict what the next invasive pest is going to be, he says.
This way, when they show up, I've got them marked as a target.
search cnt: 4
